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Oh gosh! I don't think Inkscape can do that -- at least not automatically. I can think of a couple of general approaches, but they are untested, and probably won't achieve exactly what you want.
One would start with drawing a bunch of tiny squares. Give them various colors from the camo pattern. Then you'd have to move the squares into the grid (one by one) and after converting to paths, distort them to match the distortion of the grid. Snapping could be used to make it go faster, somewhat. I'd probably use tiled clones to create the original tiny squares. It would be tedious work, but you could probably achieve something pretty close to what you want, eventually.
Or....I don't know, you might be able to use either all the vertical lines or all the horizontal lines, and apply a pattern along the path, where the pattern consists of tiny squares with the camo pattern colors. That would be a pattern along path of all the horizontal or vertical lines. But the pattern of tiny squares would have to differ. Maybe you could use the pixelated camo pattern to create a bunch of linear patterns. The problem with this approach is that the patterns would only be distorted along either x or y, so you'd still have to do a lot of tweaking. The result would not be as good as my first thought.
Also, I see that both images are raster images. That means that the fish would have to be traced from the originals.....assuming you want a vector result. .....Unless you have the SVG already?
I don't know if Adobe Illustrator will do this or not. But if it does, it will probably be some automatic technique. I'm also thinking that Blender (a true 3D modeling program) might actually be the best app to use for this! I'm not terribly familiar with it, but I think it might be able to do this. I don't think it could be done from the PNG though. It would probably have to be vectorized first. But again, I'm so familiar with Blender or 3D modeling.
By the way, how did you create the grid that comprises the blowfish? However you did that would be the best bet, because essentially, you simply want that grid to have color (technically grayscale, I guess). So I'm thinking that wherever the grid came from would be able to do the same thing with color added. Unless you didn't actually make the grid, and it's an image that you found already complete?
Well, I wish I had better info for you. Maybe someone else will have better tips?