After you create one "complicated 40 degree segment", you might be able to do a radially tiled clone (Edit menu > Clone > Create Tiled Clones), to make it radially symmetrical. There are probably a few different places to find instructions, but one place is Help menu > Tutorials > Tips and Tricks. Also see Help menu > Inkscape Manual.
I'm not sure what kind of curves you want to use with a star. And rather than try and describe what all is possible, I've uploaded a file of a bunch of things I made with the star tool a while ago -- just simple strokes, nothing fancy, all with 5-point star/polygon setting. Just to give you some idea what

can do

Very basic instructions here: Help menu > Tutorials > Basic Shapes. Also see the same manual I mentioned already. If that's not exactly what you have in mind, maybe you could show us an example of what you want to create?

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