Is it possible to recreate, in Inkscape, the dodge layer filter effect found in The GIMP

It's not available as a blend mode in SVG 1.1. But I seen mention of color-dodge in the rendering model for 1.2 so it might be coming--although perhaps not soon enough for your own use

Is there a way to create the same effect with a little Inkscape kung ph00?

Not really. A blend filter is a blend filter--either it exists or it doesn't... unless you can combine the blend modes SVG does have to get a dodge effect. I don't know the maths behind how dodge is calculated but I doubt this would work.

You're only work around it to manually specify the colours a dodge filter would produce. Knowing nothing about your drawing limits the advise we can give though.